Adaptation of doctoral dissertation, to be published this summer (2024) by Cambridge University Press: https://www.cambridge.org/us/universitypress/subjects/law/public-international-law/merchants-legalism-history-state-responsibility-18701960?format=HB&isbn=9781009378642 Alan Nissel, Merchants of Legalism A History of State Responsibility, Part I (1870–1960) Part of Cambridge Studies in International and Comparative Law